Swimming Pool Electrical Defects Expert Witness Paolo (Paul) Benedetti discusses electrical deficiencies.
Bonding it all Together
Swimming pool bonding is frequently confused with grounding. They are two separately different matters.
Grounding - is a direct path from an electrical appliance (light, pump, heater, receptacle, etc,) to earth. This path is provided by a grounding wire inside the appliance cord or supply wiring conduit.
Bonding - is a LOOP designed to connect all metallic components of a swimming pool, so that their potential ground is the same.
Although grounding and bonding are closely related, they do serve separate purposes — both of which work together to increase electrical safety.
The Perfect Path
Through no fault of the swimming pool, the hundreds of yards of damp steel in the shell often present the electricity with a better ground than is provided by the home’s copper grounding rod or by reinforcing steel in a building’s foundation (which is called an Ufford ground).
In a household electrical system, the electricity returning to the service entrance panel via the neutral conductor returns to the neutral bar in the cabinet. Only in this cabinet are the neutral and grounding bar connected to the metal cabinet. Although designed to return to the utility transformer via the neutral conductor, electricity can travel across the metallic cabinet to the grounding bar and to the grounding rod.
When a watershape is properly grounded with a wire leading to that grounding bar, it senses that the steel in the swimming pool offers electricity another path to earth that may offer less resistance. In this situation, the possibility exists that, like some people I know, the electricity will take the easy way out.
If that happens, the electricity travels right through the grounding conductor that is connected to the pool equipment’s sub-panel. This electricity flows back to the various electrical components of the swimming pool (pumps, heaters, lights) via their grounding conductors rather than to the grounding rod.
When and if this flow occurs, the damp steel within a watershape shell may offer the best path to earth. In a properly bonded swimming pool, in which all metal components are tied together with a wire that goes back to the electrical panel and from there to ground, the pool and all its metal components exist on the same electrical potential and therefore do not provide a path of least resistance to ground, meaning among other things there is no risk of electrocution.
Where the bonding grid is lacking, inadequate or becomes disconnected from the grounding system, however, there can be a significant risk of electrocution.
Let’s assume that the grounding rod adjacent to the service entrance panel stands in extremely dry soil (poor conductivity), that its connecting clamp has come loose, conductor severed or has become corroded. If any of that is the case, the amount of electricity to be discharged into the earth via a pool’s steel grid may be significant — perhaps even deadly.
Given the possible range of conditions, let’s look at a set of simple scenarios:
>> A swimmer exits a properly bonded swimming pool via the stairs. He or she grabs the bonded metal railing in stepping from the pool, and at one moment has one foot in the pool and the other on a wet concrete pool deck. Although the pool and railing may be energized, the swimmer feels nothing at all because the pool, deck and railing all have the same potential ground. This simply means that all of the metal components are offering the electricity an equal path of resistance to the earth.
>> That same swimmer exits a pool where the metal handrail had been installed after the pool was built — without any bonding protection and without any contact to the reinforcing grid in either the pool or the deck. As the swimmer exits the water, he or she places a hand on the railing, has one foot on the deck and has the other in the pool (or maybe even both feet on the deck). The electricity flow from the pool, through the swimmer & into the earth via the metallic railing. Because the swimmer is a part of the path of the electricity's discharge into the earth - they receive a shock.
Now let’s consider a third scenario:
>> A pool service technician walks up to a leaking pump on the same pool. Previously, he or she had cut the bonding wire to repair the motor. In touching the metal case, a fatal shock occurs as his or her wet feet present the electricity with a path of less resistance to earth.
Technically, the service professional became the final path of discharge. Just as the swimmer getting out of the pool using a non-bonded railing was electrocuted, just as the worker using the circular saw in my previous article was shocked to death, the technician effectively became the terminal path to ground and suffered a fatal injury.
The Best Bonds
Again, the principle behind bonding is to equalize the path to ground for the electricity.
In the first example of a properly bonded handrail, the swimmer didn’t feel anything, as the electricity flowed through the swimmer but traveled back to ground through the pool’s bonding grid. The swimmer did not provide the final path to earth for the electricity. As long as people are a protected by provision of a means for the electricity to “loop back,” they will not be a part of the path to the final point of discharge.
This is why bonding is so important. Section 680 of the National Electric Code outlines standards for bonding and grounding swimming pools. The following is not an all-inclusive list, but it covers the most common items requiring bonding:
>> Reinforcing steel of the swimming pool, equipment pad and pool deck
>> All metallic items greater than four square inches located within 10 feet of the water
>> Metal handrails, ladders, diving boards and slides
>> All electrical components, housings, junction boxes and niches
>> All junction boxes and niches feeding underwater lighting (with both internal and external bonding)
>> All electrical components associated with the swimming pool (motors, circuit panels, lighting fixtures, transformers, heaters, blowers)
>> Wrought-iron fences, metal downspouts, deck drains, deck anchors or volleyball poles.
>> For pool that are not surrounded by decks with reinforcing steel (pavers, grass, etc.), a bonding grid of copper or stainless steel mesh must be installed around the perimeter of the pool & spa [NEC Sec. 680.26(B)(2)].
>> Since many pools are being constructed without metal components in contact with the water (light niches, SS hand railings, etc.), the water must also be bonded. If your pool has a heater that is always in the water path, then more than likely the heat exchanger is bonded as well. Otherwise a permanent source of non-corrosive metal to water contact must be provided.
Furthermore, the bonding conductor between a light’s junction box and the interior of the lighting niche may not be spliced. These internal bonding wires may only be interrupted within an approved enclosure and upon a grounding/bonding bar. In addition, bonding conductors may be either stranded/insulated or solid copper (minimum #8 size) — and redundancy isn’t a bad idea. In Canada, in fact, two bonding wires are required between the pool and the equipment pad.
If you follow these simple requirements, you’ll go a long way toward ensuring that people who come into contact with watershape fixtures and equipment will not become the path of least resistance. It’s the right thing to do, and it’s relatively easy to accomplish if you manage your construction operations well.
Bonding it all Together
Swimming pool bonding is frequently confused with grounding. They are two separately different matters.
Grounding - is a direct path from an electrical appliance (light, pump, heater, receptacle, etc,) to earth. This path is provided by a grounding wire inside the appliance cord or supply wiring conduit.
Bonding - is a LOOP designed to connect all metallic components of a swimming pool, so that their potential ground is the same.
Although grounding and bonding are closely related, they do serve separate purposes — both of which work together to increase electrical safety.
The Perfect Path
Through no fault of the swimming pool, the hundreds of yards of damp steel in the shell often present the electricity with a better ground than is provided by the home’s copper grounding rod or by reinforcing steel in a building’s foundation (which is called an Ufford ground).
In a household electrical system, the electricity returning to the service entrance panel via the neutral conductor returns to the neutral bar in the cabinet. Only in this cabinet are the neutral and grounding bar connected to the metal cabinet. Although designed to return to the utility transformer via the neutral conductor, electricity can travel across the metallic cabinet to the grounding bar and to the grounding rod.
When a watershape is properly grounded with a wire leading to that grounding bar, it senses that the steel in the swimming pool offers electricity another path to earth that may offer less resistance. In this situation, the possibility exists that, like some people I know, the electricity will take the easy way out.
If that happens, the electricity travels right through the grounding conductor that is connected to the pool equipment’s sub-panel. This electricity flows back to the various electrical components of the swimming pool (pumps, heaters, lights) via their grounding conductors rather than to the grounding rod.
When and if this flow occurs, the damp steel within a watershape shell may offer the best path to earth. In a properly bonded swimming pool, in which all metal components are tied together with a wire that goes back to the electrical panel and from there to ground, the pool and all its metal components exist on the same electrical potential and therefore do not provide a path of least resistance to ground, meaning among other things there is no risk of electrocution.
Where the bonding grid is lacking, inadequate or becomes disconnected from the grounding system, however, there can be a significant risk of electrocution.
Let’s assume that the grounding rod adjacent to the service entrance panel stands in extremely dry soil (poor conductivity), that its connecting clamp has come loose, conductor severed or has become corroded. If any of that is the case, the amount of electricity to be discharged into the earth via a pool’s steel grid may be significant — perhaps even deadly.
Given the possible range of conditions, let’s look at a set of simple scenarios:
>> A swimmer exits a properly bonded swimming pool via the stairs. He or she grabs the bonded metal railing in stepping from the pool, and at one moment has one foot in the pool and the other on a wet concrete pool deck. Although the pool and railing may be energized, the swimmer feels nothing at all because the pool, deck and railing all have the same potential ground. This simply means that all of the metal components are offering the electricity an equal path of resistance to the earth.
>> That same swimmer exits a pool where the metal handrail had been installed after the pool was built — without any bonding protection and without any contact to the reinforcing grid in either the pool or the deck. As the swimmer exits the water, he or she places a hand on the railing, has one foot on the deck and has the other in the pool (or maybe even both feet on the deck). The electricity flow from the pool, through the swimmer & into the earth via the metallic railing. Because the swimmer is a part of the path of the electricity's discharge into the earth - they receive a shock.
Now let’s consider a third scenario:
>> A pool service technician walks up to a leaking pump on the same pool. Previously, he or she had cut the bonding wire to repair the motor. In touching the metal case, a fatal shock occurs as his or her wet feet present the electricity with a path of less resistance to earth.
Technically, the service professional became the final path of discharge. Just as the swimmer getting out of the pool using a non-bonded railing was electrocuted, just as the worker using the circular saw in my previous article was shocked to death, the technician effectively became the terminal path to ground and suffered a fatal injury.
The Best Bonds
Again, the principle behind bonding is to equalize the path to ground for the electricity.
In the first example of a properly bonded handrail, the swimmer didn’t feel anything, as the electricity flowed through the swimmer but traveled back to ground through the pool’s bonding grid. The swimmer did not provide the final path to earth for the electricity. As long as people are a protected by provision of a means for the electricity to “loop back,” they will not be a part of the path to the final point of discharge.
This is why bonding is so important. Section 680 of the National Electric Code outlines standards for bonding and grounding swimming pools. The following is not an all-inclusive list, but it covers the most common items requiring bonding:
>> Reinforcing steel of the swimming pool, equipment pad and pool deck
>> All metallic items greater than four square inches located within 10 feet of the water
>> Metal handrails, ladders, diving boards and slides
>> All electrical components, housings, junction boxes and niches
>> All junction boxes and niches feeding underwater lighting (with both internal and external bonding)
>> All electrical components associated with the swimming pool (motors, circuit panels, lighting fixtures, transformers, heaters, blowers)
>> Wrought-iron fences, metal downspouts, deck drains, deck anchors or volleyball poles.
>> For pool that are not surrounded by decks with reinforcing steel (pavers, grass, etc.), a bonding grid of copper or stainless steel mesh must be installed around the perimeter of the pool & spa [NEC Sec. 680.26(B)(2)].
>> Since many pools are being constructed without metal components in contact with the water (light niches, SS hand railings, etc.), the water must also be bonded. If your pool has a heater that is always in the water path, then more than likely the heat exchanger is bonded as well. Otherwise a permanent source of non-corrosive metal to water contact must be provided.
Furthermore, the bonding conductor between a light’s junction box and the interior of the lighting niche may not be spliced. These internal bonding wires may only be interrupted within an approved enclosure and upon a grounding/bonding bar. In addition, bonding conductors may be either stranded/insulated or solid copper (minimum #8 size) — and redundancy isn’t a bad idea. In Canada, in fact, two bonding wires are required between the pool and the equipment pad.
If you follow these simple requirements, you’ll go a long way toward ensuring that people who come into contact with watershape fixtures and equipment will not become the path of least resistance. It’s the right thing to do, and it’s relatively easy to accomplish if you manage your construction operations well.
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If you want to ask a question of Paolo Benedetti, you may email him at: info@aquatictechnology.com